Others - Archaeologs

Others

Discover other things about archaeology.

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Recently Added: Others

Hambledon Hill

A causewayed camp of the early 3rd millennium be in Dorset, southern England. Extensive excavations have revealed pits containing collections of pottery, flint tools and bone. Human skulls had been placed at regular intervals along the ditch bottom. These finds and the discovery of fragmented rem...

Hama

[Hamath]. A tell site on the River Orontes in Syria which has produced evidence of occupation from the Early Neolithic to c700 BC (and, after rebuilding c200 bc, later occupation in the Greek, Roman and Islamic periods). During the 2nd millennium bc Hama was a large town, but it does not appear i...

Hal Saflieni

An enormous rock-cut hypogeum of the prehistoric period in the outskirts of Valletta on the island of Malta. The hypogeum, which was constructed by the same population that built the Maltese temples, is a complex of many small rock-cut chambers, on three different levels, linked by a series of ha...

Hallur

A site in Mysore, southern India, which has produced evidence of a Neolithic-Chalcolithic culture of the 2nd millennium bc, characterized by one-roomed circular houses, burnished grey ware, an abundant ground stone industry and a few copper objects. A later level has Black and Red ware, iron obje...

Hallstatt

Site 50 km east of Salzburg, Austria, which has given its name to the earlier Iron Age of central Europe (c700-500 BC). The site of Hallstatt itself consists of a cemetery of some 3000 graves on a mountain slope above the valley, there are also extensive salt mines in the area and a settlement in...

Halicarnassus

[Bodrum]. An Ionian Greek port on the west coast of Caria, Asia Minor, lying opposite the island of Cos. Possibly a very early foundation (traditionally dated to the 9th or 10th century bc), it was famous in antiquity for its Mausoleion and as the birthplace of the 5th-century bc historian, Herod...

Half-Life

The time taken for half a radioactive isotope to decay. Thus after a time of one halflife has elapsed, one half of the isotope will be left. After two half-lives, one quarter is left; after three half-lives, one eighth — and so on. The most recent determination of half-life for 14C is 5730 years....

Halfan

A Nubian stone industry, named after the settlement of Wadi Haifa, dating from c23,000 be. Its sites, characterized by tools made on small blades, appear to have been camps of hunters and fishermen.

Halawa Valley

A valley on eastern Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, which has been the scene of intensive archaeological research. Major sites include one of the earliest Hawaiian settlements at the valley mouth (c600-1200), and inside the valley are many irrigated taro terraces which document intensification of cult...

Halaf

A tell site on the river Khabur in northeast Syria, close to the Turkish border, which has given its name to a widespread culture of north Mesopotamia and Syria, with radiocarbon dates in the range 5500-4500 be. It is characterized by a fine painted pottery with designs in black, red and white on...

Hakataya

A pottery-making tradition of the American Southwest which includes groups of regionally distinct cultures based in the desert environment of the southwestern plateau and the Colorado River basin, such as Cerbat, Prescott, Cohohina and Sinagua. Sometimes known as the Patayan, there is considerabl...

Hajji Muhammed

An early 5th-millennium be site near Uruk in southern Mesopotamia which has given its name to a type of painted pottery and an early phase of the Ubaid culture (Ubaid 2). The pottery is painted in dark brown or purplish black in a ‘busy* geometric style. Hajji Muhammed pottery is found also at Er...

Hajji Firuz

This site near Hasanlu in northwest Iran is the type site of the Hajji Firuz culture, which dates to <5500-5000 be and represents the earliest known settlement in this area. The settlement seems to have been a village of farmers, who cultivated wheat and barley and kept sheep and goats and perhap...

Hajji Firuz

archaeologsOthers

Haji

Reddish earthenware used during the Kofun, Nara, and Heian periods in Japan. It is technically very similar to Yayoi pottery, and many authorities disagree over when Yayoi pottery ends and Haji begins. Early Haji pottery is characterized by the appearance of ceremonial vessels that are homogenous...

Hagia Sophia

Situated in Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, this is one of the most splendid churches in the Christian world. The present building was erected by Justinian between 532 and 537 to replace Constantine’s earlier basilica, which had been destroyed by fire. Its central design ...

Hagar Qim

One of the largest of the Maltese temple complexes, situated in the southwest of the island. It contains three separate temples, constructed over a considerable period of time. It is unique among the temples in that the softer of the two available local limestones, the globigerina limestone, was ...

Hafun

Peninsula on the eastern coast of Somalia, some 150 km to the south of Cape Guardafui. It provides the best archaeological evidence yet available from the East African coast south of the Red Sea for early trade contact with the Mediterranean world at the beginning of the Christian era, as describ...

Haft Tepe

Tell site near Susa in southwest Iran. The earliest occupation is dated to the 6th millennium bc, but the most important material comes from the Elamite period, in the centuries preceding the apogee of the Elamite empire, in the 13th century bc. royal tomb of C1500 BC containing 21 skeletons, som...

Haft Tepe

archaeologsOthers

Haftavan Tepe

Tell site in northwest Iran occupied, though not continuously, from the Early Bronze Age to the Sassanian period. It has provided a valuable sequence for the prehistory of the area. In the 8th century bc the mound became an Urartian citadel (see Urartu) with an attached lower town. It was destroy...

Hadda

On the fertile plain of Jalalabad in Afghanistan, Hadda was one of the principal Buddhist pilgrimage centres. Pilgrims such as Fa-Hsien (ad 420) and Sun-Yun (c520) believed that the Buddha himself visited Hadda, and its innumerable shrines and monasteries contained important relics: part of the B...

Hadda

archaeologsOthers

Hacilar

A Neolithic and Chalcolithic tell site in southwest Anatolia. The earliest settlement, of the 7th millennium be, was an Aceramic Neolithic village, based on the cultivation of emmer wheat, barley and lentils; it is not clear whether animals were also reared. The site was abandoned and reoccupied ...

Ha’Amonga

The Ha’amonga-a-Maui on Tongatapu Island (see Tonga) is a huge coral trilithon with two notched uprights supporting a lintel. It was erected, according to tradition, by the 11th Tui Tonga (hereditary chief) around 1200. The monument is unique in the Pacific region.

Ha’Amonga

archaeologsOthers

Gwithian

Over the last 30 years the parish of Gwithian in Cornwall, southwest England, has been the subject of intensive archaeological research. Among the sites of all periods investigated, some of the most interesting belong to the prehistoric and medieval periods. A settlement site with evidence of two...

Guweicun

[Ku-wei-ts’un], A late Eastern Zhou cemetery site near Liulige in Hui Xian, Henan province, China. Three large shaft tombs were provided with entrance ramps on north and south, and are similar in construction to far earlier Shang tombs. The largest of the three, which had an overall length includ...

Guti

The Guti tribe came from the Zagros Mountains, probably in the area of Luristan, western Iran. They invaded and overran the homeland of the Akkadians in the reign of Shar-gali-sharri (later 3rd millennium bc), bringing to an end the Akkadian empire. Gutian kings are listed as having ruled Akkad f...

Gussage All Saints

An Iron Age settlement in Dorset, southern England, similar in size and organization to Little Woodbury. The most interesting evidence from the site is that for metalworking: this small community was engaged in the production of bronze fittings for chariots and harnesses, a specialized activity t...

Mindel

The term for the interglacial erosion interval, envisaged by Penck and Bruckner as separating the Gunz and Min-del glacials. The Alpine sequence is now known to be much more complex than was originally thought, but Gunz/Mindel has unfortunately gained wide currency as a general term meaning the a...

Mindel

archaeologsOthers

Gundestrup

Find-spot of a great silver cauldron of the late pre-Roman Iron Age near Aalborg in Jutland, Denmark. The cauldron was found dismantled in a peat bog and is thought to have been put there as a votive offering. It weighs c9 kg and the eight outer and five inner plates are decorated in relief in th...

Gumelnifa

The eponymous site of the Gumelnita culture is a tell located near Oltenija in the lower Danube Valley, Rumania. Excavated by V. Dumitrescu, the Copper Age deposits were divided into two occupations, Gumelnija A and B, dated c3800-3200 be. This subdivision of the culture parallels the partitionin...

Gumelnifa

archaeologsOthers

Gumanye

The eponymous site of the initial phase of the later Iron Age of south-central Zimbabwe, dating to about the 11th century ad. It marks a clear break with the preceding Early Iron Age: opinion is divided as to the extent and source of external influence represented by this transition.

Gudnja

A cave site in a steep valley west of Ston, in southern Dalmatia, Yugoslavia. A five-metre stratigraphy comprises six occupation levels: I, Early Neolithic Impressed ware; II-III, Middle Neolithic Danilo culture; IV-V, Late Neolithic regional variant of the Hvar culture; and VI, Copper Age. This ...

Gua Lawa

A limestone shelter near Sampung in eastern Java excavated in 1926. The sequence may document a transition from a pre-ceramic assemblage of small hollowbased stone arrowheads (see Maros points of Sulawesi) into a Neolithic assemblage with cord-marked pottery and many bone and antler tools. The si...

Gua Kechil

A limestone shelter in Pahang Province, central Malaya, with a sequence which demonstrates a gradation from a late phase of the Hoabinhian with cord-marked pottery, into a Malayan Neolithic assemblage which post-dates 2800 be. See also Gua Cha, where the change from Hoabinhian to full Neolithic i...

Gua Cha

A large limestone shelter in Kelantan Province, central Malaya, excavated in 1954 and 1979. The basal level is Hoabin-hian, spanning the period 8000-1000 be, with burials; the upper level (cl000 be to ad 1000) contains richly provided Neolithic burials with southern Thai (Ban Kao) pottery affinit...

Grotefend

G.F. (1775-1853). German scholar who made considerable strides towards the decipherment of the cuneiform script and, specifically, inscriptions in the Old Persian language written in this script. He presented a paper on his work to the Gottingen Academy in 1802, but it was not published and his w...

Grotefend

archaeologsOthers

Gromatukha

See Amur Neolithic.

Gromatukha

archaeologsOthers

Grimes Graves

Group of flint mines in Norfolk, eastern England, with almost 350 mine shafts up to 9 metres deep and with radiating galleries. Radiocarbon dates suggest that the main period of use was in the Late Neolithic, c2000 be (c2500 bc). The mines were mainly supplying material for the manufacture of fli...

Grimaldi

Site on the Riviera in Italy, a few hundred metres from the French frontier, with a series of shelters and caves which were mainly investigated in the 19th century. Long sequences of archaeological levels were excavated with many burials and objects of adornment. Two of the burials, the ‘negroids...

Griddle

Flat ceramic plate used in the final stage of detoxifying manioc. After grating and pulping, thin discs of manioc are baked on the griddle into a kind of unleavened bread. Although there are other methods of preparation, use of the griddle is especially common in northeastern South American conte...

Grid

Many archaeological sites are surveyed by measuring from a grid, usually in the form of a rectangle of equally spaced points, enclosing the site. See surveying.

Grenzhorizont

Recurrence surface, defined by Weber in Germany, meaning ‘boundary horizon’.

Grenzhorizont

archaeologsOthers

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