Others - Archaeologs

Others

Discover other things about archaeology.

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Recently Added: Others

Herzfeld

archaeologsOthers

Herpaly

A regional variant of the trio of Late Neolithic cultures (Tisza, Herpdly, Czoszhalom) found in the Great Hungarian Plain <4000-3400 be. The Herpdly culture, distributed in the northern Alfold zone, is characterized by tell settlement and intramural burial. The tells tend to occur on narrow penin...

Herat

For centuries the largest town in western Afghanistan, Herat stands on the Hari Rud. Already important in pre-Islamic times, it is sometimes identified as the capital of the Achaemenid satrapy of Aria and the Hellenistic city of Alexandria Ariana. Herat was captured by the Arabs in 645 and therea...

Hengelo Interstadial

An interstadial of the Weichselian cold stage. It is dated to around 39,000 bp.

Henge

Type of ritual monument found only in the British Isles in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. They consist of a circular or irregular area enclosed by a bank with a ditch usually but not univerally on the inside. They range in size from monuments c30 metres across like Woodhenge to the vast late...

Hen Domen

One of the many Norman motte and bailey castles in the Welsh Marches, but interesting because excavations here showed for the first time the vestigial remains of the retainers’ encampment as well as the lord’s timber castle.

Hen Domen

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Hemudu

[Ho-mu-tu]. Neolithic site excavated in 1973-4 in Yuyao Xian, south of Hangzhou Bay in northern Zhejiang province, China. The remains cover about 40,000 square metres. Four levels, counted from the top, were distinguished. The upper levels 1 and 2 correspond to the two phases of the Majiabang cul...

Hembury

Neolithic causewayed camp and Iron Age hillfort in Devon, southwest England. The Neolithic site is particularly important because it has produced early radiocarbon dates of c3300-3000 bc (42003800 bc) associated with Early Neolithic pottery, greenstone and flint axes and a deposit of charred spel...

Hell Gap

A well-preserved, deeply stratified site in eastern Wyoming, USA, with evidence of occupation from cl2,000 to 8000 bc ie. throughout the Paleo-Indian period. Although cultural material was relatively sparse, the site’s great time depth marks it as significant, especially as it relates to Llano cu...

Hellenistic

Term commonly used of the generalized Greek, or Greek-dominated civilization of the Eastern Mediterrean and the Near East, from the death of Alexander the Great (323 bc) up to the arrival of the Roman Empire (say 30 bc). A common form of the Greek language, Koine [Greek: ‘common’] developed, whic...

Hellenistic

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Heliopolis

See baalbek.

Heijo Palace

The seat of the government from 710 to 784 in Nara, Japan. The palace, located in the north-central part of the grand capital set in a grid-pattern, covers an area of approximately one square kilometre, of which a little under a quarter has been excavated since 1959. Remains of some 500 buildings...

Heijo Palace

archaeologsOthers

Heiau

A prehistoric Hawaiian stone temple, akin to the marae of other parts of Eastern Polynesia.

Heian

See Haji, mirrors (Japan), Sue.

Heian

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Heekeren

(1902-74). Dutch archaeologist who spent his career in Indonesia and wrote two fundamental books entitled The Stone Age of Indonesia (1957, 2nd edn. 1972) and The Bronze-Iron Age of Indonesia (1958). Van Heekeren conducted many important excavations, particularly on Sulawesi and Java.

Heekeren

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Hedeby

Important Viking settlement in northern Germany. It is situated on a fjord and covers ¿25 hectares, defended on the landward side by a large earth rampart. Between c800 and 1050 Hedeby was a major trading centre and many imported luxury goods have been found, especially in graves. Excavation has ...

Heavy Mineral Analysis

Technique of petrological analysis. If rock, ceramics or other mineral-bearing materials are crushed and then mixed with suitably high-viscosity fluid, the minerals in them will separate. Those that sink to the bottom are called the ‘heavy minerals’, and very conveniently these also happen to be ...

Head

A periglacial deposit which results from solifluction.

Head

archaeologsOthers

Hazor

Large Palestinian tell southwest of Lake Huleh in northern Israel, occupied from the Early Bronze Age till the Hellenistic period. In the Middle Bronze Age, cl700 bc, it was a large town covering 72 hectares with a citadel in the southwest corner and surrounded by a rampart with sloping plaster r...

Hawaiian Islands

Situated in the northcentral Pacific Ocean, the Hawaiian Islands (Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai and Hawaii, plus many smaller islands) were first settled by Polynesians in the mid-1st millennium ad. Hawaiian valleys often contain profuse remains of heiau [temples], dwelling-sites and ancient horticu...

Haua Fteah

Excavations at this great cave in Cyrenaica, Libya, have illustrated the most complete sequence of Upper Pleistocene and Holocene industries yet known from any single site in North Africa. The lowest levels have not been investigated, so it not known when the site’s occupation began. The earliest...

Hatvan

The eponymous tell site for the Hatvan culture, an early Bronze Age group distributed in the Tisza Valley of eastern Hungary in the early 2nd millennium be. Many of the sites are tells in the Great Hungarian plain, although enclosed hilltop sites are known in the Carpathian foothills. Cremation c...

Hastinapura

A site in the upper Ganges Valley of India which is referred to in the Mahabharata (an epic story about a prolonged feud between rival princely families in the Ganges valley) as the seat of the Kaurava kings. The earliest level has Ochrecoloured pottery, which is succeeded in Period II by Painted...

Hassuna

A tell near Mosul in northern Iraq which has given its name to a pottery style represented in the lowest levels on the type site and widely distributed over northern Mesopotamia. It is dated to the 6th millennium be and in much of the area it is associated with the earliest farming communities kn...

Hasanlu

A tell site on the south bank of Lake Urmia in northwest Iran. It consists of a citadel, constructed early in the 1st millennium bc on the debris of much earlier prehistoric remains, and surrounded by a lower town. Four buildings on the citadel, facing onto a court and linked to a higher court wi...

Harpoon

Barbed spears and harpoons appear at the close of the Palaeolithic and represent an important invention. Generally they were made of reindeer antler, cut into strips and carved with barbs. The harpoons were presumably fixed on the ends of wooden spears in such a way that they came loose after bei...

Harmal

Located in the suburbs of Baghdad, Iraq, Tell Harmal has been identified as ancient Shaduppum, an administrative centre for the surrounding area, ruled by Eshnunna in the early centuries of the 2nd millennium bc before Hammurabi’s conquest. This small walled town, covering only cl.7 hectares, was...

Harmal

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Haripunjaya

The original name of the town of Lamphun, near Chiangmai, in northern Thailand. According to tradition it was founded by a colony of Mon emigrants from Lavo (present-day Lopburi) led by the queen Chammadevi; 12th-century inscriptions show a Mon dynasty reigning in Haripunjaya at that time.

Haripunjaya

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Hargeisan

A stone industry of northern Somalia which appears to pre-date the local appearance of true backed-microlith industries. Based upon the production of blades, the Hargeisan (which has not itself been dated) may be related to the Eburran occupation of the central Kenyan Rift Valley between the 11th...

Hard Water Effect

When material that is radiocarbon dated has been buried, groundwater may have percolated into it. Groundwater frequently contains dissolved calcium carbonate, where it has passed through limestones. Such carbonate may crystallize within the sample to be dated. As a result carbon from a source ver...

Harappan Civilization

[Indus Valley civilization]. Name given to the civilization that flourished in Pakistan and northwest India in the later 3rd millennium bc, based on the flood plain of the River Indus and its tributaries. Nearly 300 settlements of the civilization are known: two large cities (Mohenjo-Daro and Har...

Harappa

One of the two major cities of the Harappan civilization of the 3rd millennium bc. Whereas Mohenjo-Daro is situated in the southern Sind province, Harappa is on the middle Ravi plain of the northern Punjab. Unfortunately the site was largely destroyed during the last century by the extraction of ...

Haniwa

Large hollow clay objects that were placed on the top, around, or inside burial mounds (kofun) in Japan. Early haniwa of the 4th century are cylinders with see-through designs, and are considered to have developed out of the tall stands for Late Yayoi ritual vessels of the 3rd century. House-shap...

Hanging Bowls

Thin bronze, shallow bowls found in Anglo-Saxon graves up until the 7th century, hanging bowls are an important part of a Celtic metal-working tradition which has its origins in the Roman and pre-Roman Iron Age. They have three equally spaced suspension rings, fixed to the bowl by means of escutc...

Hanging Bowls

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Hane

A valley on Uahuka Island, Marquesas (Polynesia), with a sand dune site behind the beach which has documented aspects of Marquesan prehistory from initial settlement (c300 ad) to European contact. It is a crucial site for documenting early human dispersal into Eastern Polynesia.

Handan

[Han-tan]. The capital of the Eastern Zhou state of Zhao from 386 to 228 bc, probably to be identified with a walled city whose remains lie 4 km southwest of the modem city of Handan in southern Hebei province, China. The massive walls, which enclose an area of about three square kilometers, are ...

Han

[Han]. Chinese dynasty (206 bc-ad 220). Historians divide the Han dynasty into Western Han (206 bc-ad 8), when the capital was at Chang’an, and Eastern Han (ad 23220), when the capital was at Luoyang, separated by the Wang Mang Interregnum (ad 8-23). In many respects the pattern for later Chinese...

Han

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Hamsavati

The original name of the city of Pegu, Lower Burma. The chronicle givers 825 as the date of its foundation by the twin brothers Samala and Vimala as the new capital of the kingdom of Ramannadesa (i.e. the Mon country).

Hamsavati

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Hamburg

Excavations of an area of about one-third of a hectare were undertaken in the old medieval heart of Hamburg, north Germany, between 1947 and 1959. The southern part of the old town near the river and the cathedral precinct were examined, and archaeologists located the fortified Carolingian monast...

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