Palaeolithic

Paleolitik dönem, aynı zamanda Eski Taş Devri olarak da bilinir, yaklaşık 3,3 milyon yıl önce başlayıp 11.650 yıl önce sona eren uzun bir dönemi kapsar. Bu dönem, Homo habilis ve Homo erectus gibi atalarımızın taş alet geliştirmesi ve kullanmasıyla tanımlanır. Bu aletler doğrama, kazıma ve avlanm...

archaeologsTurkishPeriods

Palaeolithic

The Palaeolithic era, also known as the Old Stone Age, stretches back an incredibly long time, lasting from roughly 3.3 million years ago to around 11,650 years ago. This period is defined by the development and use of stone tools by our early ancestors, like Homo habilis and Homo erectus. These ...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Palaeolithic

Abejas Phase

Première phase agricole importante dans la vallée de Tehuacan au Mexique, datée de 3500 à 1500 avant JC après l'introduction du maïs.

archaeologsFrenchPeriods

Submycenaean

Submykenäer ist eine archäologische Kultur, die in der späten Bronzezeit in Griechenland und auf den Ägäischen Inseln vorhanden war. Es ist eine Unterabteilung der Mykenäischen Kultur, die im 16. Jahrhundert v. Chr. begann. Submykenäer ist am besten bekannt f&uu...

archaeologsGermanPeriods

Submycenaean

Le Submycénien est une période de l'âge du Bronze qui s'étend de 1600 à 1100 av. J.-C. en Grèce. Cette période est caractérisée par des changements importants dans les styles architecturaux et les pratiques funéraires. Les ville...

archaeologsFrenchPeriods

Proto-Neolithic

Epipaleolitik'in avcı-toplayıcı kültürleri ile Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik'in çiftçi kültürleri (c 9300-8500 BC) arasında bir geçiş dönemi. Terim çeşitli şekillerde kullanılmaktadır, ancak burada Levant'ın Çanak Çömlek Öncesi Neolitik A'sını ve hayvan ve bitkilerin evcilleştirilmesi ve çanak çömlek ...

archaeologsTurkishPeriods

Western Neolithic

Name given to a group of Early and Middle Neolithic cultures in western Europe, that were thought to be related. The group includes the Windmill Hill culture of Britain, the Chassey culture of France, the Cortaillod culture in Switzerland, the Lagozza culture in Italy and the Almerian culture of ...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Bubalus Period

The earliest phase of rock art in northern Africa, between 12,000 and 8000 bc , in which large-scale carvings of animals appeared. These early engravings - in southern Oran, Algeria, and Libya - reflect a hunting economy based on the now-extinct giant buffalo Homoioceras antiquus or Bubalus antiq...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Bronze Age

Second age of the Three Age System, beginning about 40003000 bc in the Middle East and about 2000-1500 bc in Europe. It followed the Stone Age and preceded the Iron Age and was defined by a shift from stone tools and weapons to the use of bronze. During this time civilization based on agriculture...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Baikal Neolithic

Neolithic period of the Lake Baikal region in eastern Siberia. Stratified sites in the area show a long, gradual move from the Paleolithic to Neolithic stage, starting in the 4th millennium bc . The postglacial culture was not “true” Neolithic in that it farmed, but was Neolithic in the sense of ...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Asuka

A culture and period in Japanese history during which the development of art, the introduction of Buddhism from Korea, and the adoption of a Chinese pattern of government were important. Located in the southwestern part of the Nara Basin (Yamato Plain), the culture flourished from ad 552 to 645. ...

archaeologsEnglishCultures, Periods

Archaic

A term used to describe an early stage in the development of civilization. In New World chronology, it is the period just before the shift from hunting, gathering, and fishing to agricultural cultivation, pottery development, and village settlement. Initially, the term was used to designate a non...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Anathermal

A period of cool climate in the area of North America that occurred from about 7000 to 5000 bc This was Ernst Antev’s name for the first of the Neothermal periods and it is thought to have started off cool before becoming somewhat warmer.

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Aceramic Neolithic

Early part of the Neolithic period in western Asia before the widespread use of pottery (c. 8500-6000 bc in an economy based on the cultivation of crops or the rearing of animals or both. Aceramic Neolithic groups were in the Levant (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and B), Zagros area (Karim Shahir, Jarm...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Abejas Phase

First important agricultural phase in the Tehuacan Valley of Mexico, dated 3500-1500 bc after the introduction of maize.

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Secondary Neolithic

Term used by Stuart Piggott to describe a number of later Neolithic groups in Britain, characterized by the use of Peterborough ware or Grooved ware (Rinyo-Clacton Ware). He believed these groups to represent populations of Mesolithic ancestry who had acquired the arts of farming and associated c...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Orientalizing

Essentially an art history term, used of various periods and cultures in antiquity, when a ‘western’ production shows evidence for influence from the Near, Middle or Far East. An example would be the borrowing by Greek Black-figure painters, notably Corinthian and Athenian, of numerous abstract, ...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Neolithic

The New Stone Age, following the Mesolithic period. Originally defined by the use of ground and polished stone tools (in contrast to the chipped stone artefacts of earlier periods), other criteria were added later: the use of pottery and, especially, the practice of a farming economy. It is now k...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Migration Period

Term applied to the time between the 5th and later 7th centuries when ‘barbarian’ tribes overran the Roman Empire. The settlements and cultural record of Migration Period Europe are distinctive, and essentially owe their character to the Romanperiod tribes in central and Eastern Europe, as well a...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Mesolithic

The Middle Stone Age, falling between the Palaeolithic and the Neolithic. The Mesolithic belongs to the early part of the Holocene geological period, after cl0,000 years ago (see Tables 4-6, pages 417-9), and is characterized by societies continuing to practise a hunting and gathering economy and...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Initial Period

One of a seven-period chronological construction used in Peruvian archaeology and sometimes employed in other Andean areas. Covering the period 1800-900 bc, its beginning is marked by the first appearance of pottery and its close by the occurrence of Chavin materials. Many of the traits that make...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Helladic

Term for the Bronze Age of mainland Greece, equivalent to Cycladic in the Aegean islands and Minoan in Crete. It is divided into Early, Middle and Late Helladic, the last representing the Mycenaean period.

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Guinea Neolithic

This ill-defined term has been applied to a heterogeneous series of industries in the coastal regions of West Africa. Backed microliths akin to those manufactured in earlier times are associated with pottery and with ground stone axe-like and hoe-like implements. One of the few well-described and...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

First Temperate Neolithic

[FTN]. Generic term for the earliest farming cultures in the temperate zone of Europe (and sometimes applied in other areas also). In southeast Europe from c5400-4500/4300 be the following regional groups have been identified: StarCevo (eastern and northern Yugoslavia), KOrOs (eastern and southwe...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Epi-Palaeolithic

This name is sometimes given to the cultures of the very end of the Palaeolithic, such as the Federmesser or Ahrensburg groups, or even to post-glacial cultures more usually described as Mesolithic. Because of this confusion and imprecision, the term is better avoided.

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Epi-Palaeolithic

Classic Period

Conceived as the period of florescence of the great civilizations of Mesoamerica, initially defined by the earliest and most recent long count dates found on Maya stelae, ad 300-900. As more sites came to light, it became increasingly clear that many well-developed cultures did not fit comfortabl...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Classic Period

Capstan Neolithic

The Capsian industries of the Maghreb were succeeded by a somewhat heterogeneous series of assemblages, including pottery and — in some cases — evidence for the practice of food-production, to which the name ‘Capsian Neolithic’ [Néolithique de tradition capsienne] has generally been given. Potter...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Capstan Neolithic

Bronze Age

Second age of the Three Age System, defined by the use of bronze as the main material for making tools. The term is still widely used in West Asiatic and European prehistory. The dates of the Bronze Age vary from area to area, but in general terms it belongs to the 3rd and 2nd millennia bc in Wes...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Baikal Neolithic

The Neolithic of the Lake Baikal region in eastern Siberia is relatively well known (the term Neolithic being used here to refer to communities that used pottery, rather than those that practised farming). The first stage is called after the site of Isakovo and is known only from a small number o...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Asuka

The centre of cultural and political development in the southwestern part of the Nara Basin (also known as the Yamato Plain), Japan, during the 7th century. The Asuka culture and Asuka period are variously defined, emphasizing different aspects of the development. In art history, the Asuka cultur...

archaeologsEnglishCultures, Periods

Archaic

In general usage, ‘archaic’ means primitive or antiquated, but in archaeology the term is used in a number of specific ways. In American archaeology, the term Archaic has two different usages: ( 1 ) A broad-based way of life with small bands exploiting their environment by means of hunting and ga...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Apennine Bronze Age

The main Bronze Age culture of the Italian peninsula, lasting from c2000 to c800 BC. It is marked by its distinctive pottery, dark and highly burnished, and decorated with incised and punctuated bands. The handles are elaborate and include tongue, homed and crestéd types. It is often claimed that...

archaeologsEnglishCultures, Periods

Apennine Bronze Age

Amur Neolithic

The Amur River flows into the Pacific Ocean in eastern Siberia. A number of ‘ Neolithic’ cultures (defined by the presence of pottery, but not necessarily by the practice of farming) have been recognized in the Middle and Lower Amur regions. In the Middle Amur the earliest phase is known as the N...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Aceramic Neolithic

Term applied to groups demonstrating evidence of a Neolithic economy — that is, an economy based on the cultivation of crops or the rearing of stock or both — but without the use of pottery (which was regarded by an earlier generation of archaeologists as a defining characteristic of the Neolithi...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Mesolithic

Paleolitik Dönem ile yerleşik düzen ve tarımsal üretim ekonomisinin gerçekleştiği Neolitik Dönem (Cilalı Taş Devri) arasındaki geçişi hazırlayan ara döneme, Mezolitik Dönem ya da Mezolitik Çağ denir.

archaeologsTurkishPeriods

Paleolithic

Paleolitik kavramı, 1865 yılında J. Lubbock tarafından Eski Taş Çağ’ını ifade etmek için ortaya atılmıştır. Paleolitik Çağ, insanlık tarihinin ilk basamağını oluşturmasının yanı sıra, bu tarihi sürecin %99’undan daha uzun bir bölümünü kapsamaktadır. Günümüzden yaklaşık 2.5 milyon yıl önce, insan...

archaeologsTurkishPeriods

Paleolithic

Paleolitik, 2.5 milyon yıl önce insanlar tarafından taş aletlerin ilk kullanımından M.Ö. 10.000-8500 kuzey buzuldaki buzul buzunun geri çekilmesine kadar geçen süreyi kapsayan bir tarih öncesi bölümü olan Eski Taş Devri.

archaeologsTurkishPeriods

Mesolithic

A time period in human history beginning with the retreat of glacial ice c 8500 BC and the changing climatic conditions following it; a development in northwestern Europe that lasted until about 2700 BC. This Middle Stone Age followed the Upper Paleolithic and preceded the Neolithic. It was a per...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Mesolithic

Aceramic Neolithic

The early part of the Neolithic period in Western Asia before the widespread use of pottery (c. 8500-6000 BC) in an economy based on the cultivation of crops or the rearing of animals or both. Aceramic Neolithic groups were in the Levant (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and B), Zagros area (Karim Shahir,...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Aceramic Neolithic

Pre-Pottery Neolithic A

Palestinian village-based culture dated 8500-7600 BC, first defined at Jericho. It is derived from the Natufian culture, making use of and developing Natufian architecture (round houses). It offers evidence of first attempts at agriculture in the near East, though still in a hunting context.

archaeologsEnglishAncient Pottery, Periods

Pre-Pottery Neolithic A

Villafranchian

A major division of early Pleistocene deposits and time, named for a sequence of terrestrial sediments studied in the region of Villafranca d'Asti, an Italian town near Turin. This was a time when new mammals suddenly appeared in the Lower Pleistocene period. The Villafranchian is also significan...

archaeologsEnglishPeriods

Villafranchian