Others - Archaeologs

Others

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Recently Added: Others

Chichimec

In the Early Post-Classic Period, mixed groups of nomadic hunters and gatherers and displaced farmers began drifting south from the northernmost margins of Mesoamerica. The reasons for this migration are uncertain, but it is thought that these northern areas were subject to sustained climatic det...

Chichen Itza

The primary centre of power in the northern Yucatan during the Early PostClassic Period. Although there is a PreClassic occupation and Chichen Itza functioned as a minor ceremonial centre in the Classic Period, its major occupation was between clOOO and 1250. From historical sources it seems like...

Chichen Itza

archaeologsOthers

Chicanel

A phase of the Lowland Maya Pre-Classic dated 300 bc to ad 150. It is characterized by a complex of architectural and ceramic traits which presage the rise of Classic Maya civilization, for instance temple-pyramids, corbelled arches and painted murals. Also notable is increasing uniformity betwee...

Chiapa De Corzo

Located on the banks of the Grijalva River in the central depression of the state of Chiapas, Mexico, Chiapa de Corzo has one of the longest occupational sequences in Mesoamerica. Although it spans the period C1500 bc to the present, it is most interesting for its coverage of Late Pre-Classic to ...

Chiao

[also Giao]. Name of the formerly independent kingdom of Nam-Vi£t (Chinese Nan-yiieh) when it was incorporated as a province into the Han empire in 111 bc. The province of Chiao consisted of nine com-manderies, six of which correspond to the present Chinese provinces of Kwangtung and Kwangsi and ...

Chevaux De Frise

Form of defence developed especially to break cavalry charges, although also effective against foot soldiers; consisting of closely spaced stakes or stones placed on end, chevaux de frises are sometimes associated with hillforts in prehistoric Europe.

Chester

[Roman Deva]. City in northwest England. Modern Chester overlies a massive Roman camp (castra) of some 24 hectares, sited strategically on the River Dee to control communications with the Northwest and Wales, to separate the warring tribes of the Brigantes and the Ordovices, and to assist the sis...

Chert

A very finely crystalline form of the mineral silica, found as nodules in limestones. Many cherts are so fine-grained that they behave like a glass — they fracture almost as sharply as obsidian, and may be chipped or flaked to make artefacts. All have been used as materials for making artefacts, ...

Chernigov

A town on the River Dnieper in the western Soviet Union, probably founded by the Swedish Vikings between the 9th and 11th centuries. It was principally a trading town on the north-south route across eastern Europe between the Black Sea and Baltic areas.

Chenla

The first kingdom of the Khmers which came into being in what is now southern Laos in the middle of the 6th century. Its etymology is not known. It gradually expanded towards the south to absorb the territories formerly occupied by Funan (i.e. present Cambodia). At the beginning of the 8th centur...

Chengdu

[Ch’eng-tu]. Capital of Sichuan province, China. The material culture of the Chengdu plain kept a strong local flavour long after its first contact with the Bronze Age civilizations of North China, which on the evidence of ritual vessels found in nearby Peng Xian must be dated no later than the b...

Chengdu

archaeologsOthers

Chenes

One of three architectural styles occurring in the Lowland Maya area of northcentral Yucatan. Its hallmark is the employment of elaborately decorated pre-cut veneer masonry, but it is distinguished from both Rio Bec and Puuc by its concentration on towerless, low, single-storey buildings and a pr...

Chemical Analysis

Archaeological artefacts and materials can be analysed to determine concentrations of major, minor and trace elements. The methods used for this include X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY, OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROMETRY, ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY and NEUTRON activation analysis. This information...

Chellian

The name given by de Mortillet in the 1880s to the epoch characterized by hand axes in his classification, equivalent to the Lower Palaeolithic. It replaced the term Acheulian, which was eventually reinstated after a long and confused debate. The concept of epochs, favoured by de Mortillet, has n...

Chellian

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Chelford

An interstadial of the Dev-ensian cold stage. It has been dated by radiocarbon to c61,000 bp, but this is near the present extreme range of the technique (see radiocarbon dating) and the date may be older.

Chatham Islands

Occupying an isolated position in the South Pacific, 860 km east of Christchurch, New Zealand, these islands were settled by Polynesians from New Zealand about AD 1000-1200. They are of great interest because they lie climatically beyond the limits of prehistoric Polynesian horticulture, and thus...

Chatelperron

Cave site in Allier, central France, which has given its name to the Chatelperron point, a curved backed blade point typical of the Perigord-ian I stage of the initial French Upper Palaeolithic. The phase is also called Chatelperronian.

Chatelperron

archaeologsOthers

Chateauneuf-Les-Martigues

A large rock shelter north-west of Marseilles in southern France, with a series of deposits from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Neolithic. Particular interest has focused on a level with impressed ware, possibly domesticated sheep and a radiocarbon date in the early 6th millennium be; however, ano...

Chassey

A Neolithic culture of France, named after the site of Camp de Chassey in Burgundy. In southern France, the Chassey culure succeeded the Impressed Ware culture after c4000 be, but in much of central and northern France the Chassey culture represents the earliest Neolithic, and has radiocarbon dat...

Chasing

One of the methods used in repoussé metal-work. The term ‘chasing’ may also be used in a more general way, to describe any decorative work on metal employing hammer or punch.

Chartres

A city in Eure, northern France, where since the Carolingian period there has always been an important pilgrimage church holding relics of the Virgin Mary. A series of disastrous fires destroyed the earlier churches, although part of the Ottoman period (10th century) ambulatory crypt still surviv...

Charred

Organic materials may be preserved as a result of charring. Partial burning reduces the material to a carbon-rich residue. In the case of wood, this residue is familiar as charcoal. Other parts of plants may also be charred — seeds, grain, twigs, etc. Many organic materials may not retain their s...

Chariot Burials

(China). Chariots and chariot burials provide the earliest generally acknowledged evidence of foreign influence on Chinese Bronze Age civilization. The first Chinese chariot burials are at the Anyang site (at Xiaotun, Dasikongcun, and Xiaomintun) and belong to the latter part of the Shang dynasty...

Chariot Burials

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Charentian

After a detailed analysis of the Middle Palaeolithic Mousterian culture, F. Bordes and his collaborators suggested that it had two distinct components: a Charentian group characterized by the dominance of racloirs (side scrapers) and Quina retouch, and another ‘true’ Mousterian group including th...

Charcoal

Partly burned (’charred’) wood, consisting mostly of carbon, sometimes found in situ as burned timbers of buildings and other structures or in hearths, but more frequently widely disseminated through the deposits of an archaeological site. Charcoal survives because catbon cannot be utilized by th...

Charaman

A stone industry of Zimbabwe, parts of southern and central Zambia and adjacent areas, where it was the local successor of the Sango an. Formerly often referred to as ‘Proto-Stillbay’, its connections with the Sangoan are now seen to have been stronger than was previously implied. Many Charaman a...

Chanka

See Inca.

Chanka

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Chanhu-Daro

A town of the Harappan Civilization of the 3rd millennium bc. Situated on the eastern side of the Indus Valley, cl 30 km south of Mohenjo-Daro, Chanhu-Daro covered c6.5 hectares, and was characterized by the typical gridiron street plan and well-built drainage system of Harappan towns. The most i...

Changzhi

[Ch’ang-chih]. SccLiyu.

Changzhi

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Changtaiguan

[Ch’ang-t’ai-kuan]. See Xin-YANG.

Changtaiguan

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Changsha

[Ch’ang-sha]. Present-day capital of Hunan province, China. Only a few isolated finds hint at Shang and Western Zhou settlement in this area, but in Eastern Zhou and Han times Changsha was a major centre of the Chu culture. Well over a thousand Chu burials have been excavated in the neighbourhood...

Chang’An

[Ch’ang-an], Capital of the Western Han dynasty in China and, moved to a site just southeast of the Han city, of the Tang dynasty; the modem city of Xi’an, capital of Shaanxi province, occupies the latter site. In the Tang period, Chang’an was the eastern terminus of the Silk Route and one of the...

Chang’An

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Chandraguptasee

Maury as.

Chandraguptasee

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Chanchan

See Chimu.

Chanchan

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Chams

An AusTRONESiAN-speaking population of unknown origin (possibly Borneo or the Philippines) who settled Vietnam from about 1000 bc. Their early prehistory appears to be associated with the Sa-Huynh culture, with its strong Philippine connections. From the 2nd century ad the Chams developed the pow...

Chams

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Champollion

(1790-1832). French scholar, one of a number brought to Egypt under the French occupation of Napoleon Bonaparte, who accomplished the decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system. His work, which was published in 1822, was based largely on the Rosetta Stone, which has inscriptions in ...

Champollion

archaeologsOthers

Champlevé Enamelling

An effective enamelling technique which was probably developed by Celtic metal-workers and afterwards copied by the Anglo-Saxons. The process involved the melting of enamel into the incised hollows in a piece of metal. It was often employed in the decoration of the escutcheons on hanging bowls, o...

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