Others - Archaeologs

Others

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Recently Added: Others

Claw Beaker

Glass claw beakers date from the late 6th-7th centuries and occur in Early Saxon graves and Frankish burials. In form they are similar to free-standing conical beakers, but they are embellished by a series of unusual claw-like protrusions, and in many cases the glass is tinted in shades of brown,...

Classis Britannica

[Latin: British fleet]. The fleet based at Boulogne during the Roman occupation of Britain (43-410). With its captains (trierarchi) and marines (milites), its responsibilities were the transporting of supplies, military activities and, later, the patrolling of the Channel, when its scout craft we...

Classis Britannica

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Classical

Term derived from the Latin classicus (‘of the highest class’), used to designate a supposedly high point of a civilization. It is frequently the central term in a three-tier series: archaic (for preceding periods, with implications of primitivity), Classical (central period of greatest achieveme...

Classical

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Clarke

(1938-76). A British archaeologist who made major contributions to archaeological methodology and theory before his death at a tragically early age. His seminal book Analytical Archaeology, published in 1968, is sometimes regarded as heralding in a new era in the development of archaeology, equiv...

Clarke

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Clactonian

A series of river and estuarine deposits on the Essex coast near Clacton, southeast England, date from the Hoxnian or Mindel-Riss period, and contain stone tools and animal and plant remains. There is one uranium series date of about 250,000 years. The stone artefacts consist of thick flakes and ...

Civitas

A term used in the later Roman Republic and under the Roman Empire, to describe certain self-governing communities, which comprised a town with its local citizens and magistrates together with its surrounding territory. See also colonia, municipium.

Cividale

The little church of Santa Maria in Valle or the ‘Tempietto’ at Cividale, near Friuli in northeast Italy, is one of the finest surviving examples of Lombardic architecture. It was built between 762 and 776 and combines elements of Lombardic ‘protoRomanesque’ with Arabic and Byzantine influences. ...

Cist

Simple square or rectangular tomb made of stone slabs set on edge and covered by a capstone. Cists may be sunk into the ground or built above it and they may be freestanding or covered by a barrow.

Cishan

See Banpo.

Cire Perdue (Lost Wax) Method

A method of constructing moulds for metal casting. In the lost-wax method, a model of the object to be cast is made in wax and then invested with clay; when the clay is baked the wax runs out, leaving a clay envelope in which an exact metal replica of the wax model can be cast. If the metal objec...

Cire Perdue (Lost Wax) Method

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Circea

A multi-level settlement site of the Early Neolithic Cri§ culture, located in the Olt Valley of southwesten Rumania and dated from the late 6th-mid—5th millennia be. Four main occupation phases have been distinguished in a three-metre stratigraphy, all of which are defined by rich painted ware as...

Cippus

A short pillar of stone, usually rectangular or cylindrical, and often with mouldings at top and bottom. Often inscribed, it is normally associated with burials or tombs, and essentially serves as a gravestone.

Ciempozuelos

A Copper Age cemetery near Madrid in central Spain, which has given its name to a late variety of Spanish beaker. Most of the burials were flexed inhumations in cists. The Ciempozuelos beakers and other pots are of high quality with a red or brown burnished slip and incised decoration; they belon...

Church

A building used for collective Christian worship, the performance of ceremonies, pilgrimages and the veneration of relics. The earliest churches were hidden in caves and catacombs but with the official acceptance of Christianity in the 4th century larger buildings, typically the basilican halls, ...

Chullpa

A burial tower commonly found in the southern Peruvian Andes, especially in the Lake Titicaca basin. Of either circular or rectangular plan, chullpa are built from adobe or from a variety of natural or dressed stone. Often associated with the Inca, they were already being built and used in the La...

Chu

[Ch’u]. A state that ruled a large area of central China during the Zhou period. According to tradition a Chu ruler was given a title by the second Western Zhou king, implying that a Chu kingdom existed as early as cl000 bc. Little is known of this kingdom until the Eastern Zhou period, however, ...

Chu

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Chronology

Related sequence of dates. Chronologies may be built up on archaeological grounds (e.g. cross dating, stratigraphy or typology) or from independent dating techniques (e.g. radiocarbon, ar-

Christy

(1810-65). English banker who in the last three years of his life supported financially and assisted in person the French archaeologist Edouard Lartet in excavations in many of the great caves of southwest France, including Laugerie Haute, La Madeleine and Le Moustier. Christy left money for the ...

Christy

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Chotnica

[Hotnica]. A long-lived tell settlement site of the later Neolithic period, located in the Yantra Valley in north Bulgaria and dated to the late 5th to early 4th millennium be. The cultures found represent regional variants on Rumanian groups of the lower Danube valley and occur in three main occ...

Choris

The earliest manifestation of the Norton tradition of Western Arctic prehistory. The most characteristic artefact is coarse stamped pottery, the technology for which was probably imported from Asia. Tool assemblages are usually diverse and clearly different from earlier levels, for example at Poi...

Chondwe

An Iron Age site on the Zambian Copperbelt. It has given its name to the local manifestation of the Early Iron Age complex apparently established in the 4th or 5th century ad. Its closest affinities at this time were with the Lusaka area (compare Kapwir-imbwe) and, probably, with areas further to...

Cholula

One of the independent Post-Classic centres of Mexico to survive after the fall of Teotihuacan, and the major locus for the production of the elaborate polychrome wares of the Mixteca-Puebla art style (see Mixtec). Located in the state of Puebla in Mexico, it is dominated by the largest pyramid i...

Choga Zanbil

City near Susa in southwest Iran which was founded as a second capital of Elam in the 13th century bc by Untash-Gal, from whom it took its ancient name, Dur-Untash. The city was lavishly laid out but never completed; it declined in importance after the death of Untash-Gal. Excavations have expose...

Choga Mami

A settlement site of the Samarra culture near Mandali in southeast Iraq. The site which has radiocarbon dates of the late 6th millennium be, has several occupation phases spanning the transition from the Samarran to the Ubaid culture. The subsistence economy of Choga Mami was based on mixed farmi...

Chodo

See Pusan.

Chodo

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Chloromelanite

A form of jadeite.

Chloromelanite

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Chivateros

A stratified site in the coastal Chillon Valley of central Peru, which has produced a lithic flake industry dating to as early as the Late Pleistocene. Radiocarbon dates of c8500 be, taken from wood fragments, have helped to define Chivateros I as the period c9500 to 8000 be. By crosscomparison o...

Chitope

A village site in northern Mashona-land, Zimbabwe, occupied briefly during a final phase of the local Early Iron Age in the 11th or 12th century ad. The presence of a single glass bead suggests that this period saw the beginning of contact with the coastal trade, which greatly developed during th...

Chitope

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Chiripa

A site located at the south end of Lake Titicaca in Bolivia and dating to the Middle Horizon. It consists of a series of •rectangular rooms, some with underfloor stone-lined graves, arranged around a rectangular plaza. An unusual feature is the use of the space between the double walls of some of...

Chiricahiia

The second of three chronological stages of the Cochise culture, with dates clustering between 3500 and 1500 be. A mixed foraging economy is indicated by assemblages commonly including cobble manos, shallow basin grinding slabs, choppers, scrapers and distinctive, side-notched projectile points. ...

Chiricahiia

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Chipping Floor

In the process of flaking stone tools, large quantities of waste chips are produced. A land surface on which a scatter of these is found is a chipping floor. At least from the earlier stone age, it is rare to discover a chipping floor where finished tools and indications of other activities are a...

Chip Carving

Technique that probably originated in the Roman and Celtic world. The method required an incised strip to be drawn across the surface of the piece to be decorated, and then a series of lozenges were cut inside the borders of the strip; each lozenge section was individually eased out with a chisel...

Chip Carving

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Chincha

A small autonomous state of the Late Intermediate Period, centred on the Chincha Valley in south coast Peru. Although known mostly from its pottery, some sites do exist: notably the administrative complex at Tambo de Mora (probably the capital), La Centinela and La Cumbe. Chincha pottery was wide...

Chinampa

An extremely productive method of agriculture practised in Mesoamerica, especially by the Aztec. Although often incorrectly called ‘floating gardens’, the method is rather similar to a system of land reclamation. Successive rectangular mats of marsh vegetation were floated to suitable shallow-wat...

Chimu

Centred on the north coast of Peru, the Chimu kingdom was the largest of the independent states to appear in the Late Intermediate Period. Developing out of Moche, the kingdom at its zenith stretched from the borders of Ecuador to the Chilion Valley. The capital, Chanchan, was located in the Moch...

Chimu

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Childe

(1892-1957). Australian by birth, Childe spent most of his life in Britain, where he was successively Abercromby Professor of Archaeology at Edinburgh and first Professor of European Prehistory in the Institute of Archaeology at London University. For more than 30 years Childe dominated European ...

Childe

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Chicoid

[Boca Chica]. One of two ceramic series (the other being Meillacoid) that appear to have developed out of the Ostinoid series. Originating in eastern Hispaniola — the type site is at Boca Chica in the Dominican Republic — Chicoid influence spread over much of the eastern Antilles, probably by dif...

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