Taxila

One of the two main cities of the Achaemenid empire (satrapy of Gandhara), located in Pakistan and flourishing in the 5th-2nd centuries BC. It rose again as an Indo-Greek city from the 1st century BC through the 1st century AD. It was surrendered to Alexander the Great in 327 BC and then destroye...

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Taxila

Empirical

Based on practical experience and observation of physical evidence.

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Empirical

Iconography

The art of representing or illustrating by means of pictures, images, or figures; a , symbolic and metaphorical representation of a particular subject. It is sometimes considered a component of cognitive archaeology, in which artistic representations which usually have an overt religious or cerem...

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Iconography

Caldera

A large, bowl-shaped volcanic depression leading to the expulsion of a large quantity of molten rock (magma). The depression is more than one kilometer in diameter and surrounded by faults with instabilities that can bring about a renewal of volcanic activity. Calderas usually, if not always, for...

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Caldera

Jug

A deep container for liquids, with a narrow mouth; a cylindrical container with a handle and a lip, for holding and pouring liquids

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Jug

Iliad

An epic poem about the Trojan War attributed to ancient Greek poet Homer, who lived c 9th-8th c BC in Ionia, part of modern-day Turkey.

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Iliad

Polisher

Polished bone used to burnish objects e.g. pottery.

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Polisher

Elateia

An important Neolithic settlement site in central Greece, with the most complete stratified sequence of Greek Neolithic pottery deposits for the region. Radiocarbon dates place its beginnings c 5500 BC. A series of pottery styles has been recognized, starting with undecorated dark and light-surfa...

archaeologsEnglishAncient Cities, Place Names

Elateia

Toy

An object for a child to play with, typically a model or miniature replica of a thing

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Toy

Bede The Venerable, Saint

Anglo-Saxon theologian, historian, and chronologist who is known for his prolific writings, including Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People) an important source for the history of the conversion to Christianity of the Anglo-Saxon tribes. Divided into...

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Bede The Venerable, Saint

Maszycka Cave

Cave site near Krakow, Poland, on the Pradnik River, with an Upper Palaeolithic assemblage assigned to the Magdalenian c 17,500-16,500 BP. Human skeletal remains of 16 people are associated with the layer. The uppermost layer contained Neolithic remains.

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Maszycka Cave

Opus Reticulatum

A Roman construction technique consisting of blocks which are laid on a concrete core so that the edges are placed on a diagonal and produce a crisscross pattern. It is a technical term used by Vitruvius c 30 BC to describe the diamond pattern of square stones that was often used as a decorative ...

archaeologsEnglishArchitectural

Opus Reticulatum

Zürich-Utoquai

Neolithic lakeside settlement in Switzerland with a Horgen culture occupation c 3500-2800 BC. It had flat-based flower-pot pottery. A 3rd millennium BC Corded Ware occupation had beakers, polished stone axes, bone and flint tools, and wooden bowls and utensils.

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Zürich-Utoquai

Bottle

A container, typically made of glass or plastic and with a narrow neck, used for storing drinks or other liquids

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Bottle

Cayla De Mailhac

A site in southwestern France with a settlement and a series of cemeteries of Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age c 700-100 BC. Occupation began with an urnfield culture. Iron became common in a second phase and a cart burial from La Redorte shows similarities to the Hallstatt Iron Age cultures. P...

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Cayla De Mailhac

Ebbsfleet

A small valley in southern England with an important series of loams and gravels spanning the last two glacial periods and intervening interglacial. Stone tools included Levallois flakes, but only a few hand axes and other tool types were found. The area has also given its name to a decorated pot...

archaeologsEnglishAncient Cities, Place Names

Ebbsfleet

Vidra

Middle and Late Neolithic tell settlement near Giurgiu in the lower Danube Valley, southeast Rumania. The main occupation horizons include a Boian level, a Boin-Gumelnita transitional level, and three Gumelnita levels. Of the Gumelnita levels, the first two have rich metal finds, including gold p...

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Vidra

Xoanon

A wooden image so unlike marble sculpture that it was supposed to have fallen from heaven and was deeply revered. Such an image of Athena was housed in the Erechtheum on the Athenian Acropolis and dressed in a new robe (peplos) at her great Panathenaic festival every fourth year.

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Xoanon

Vein Quartz

A relatively pure type of quartz which is found in veins in areas of igneous rocks.

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Vein Quartz

Crystal

A material with atoms distributed in an orderly array (lattice structure), having characteristic optical and physical properties

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Crystal

Rana Ghundai

A tell in the Loralai Valley of north Baluchistan with a stratigraphic sequence beginning with handmade pottery and chipped stone tools (4th millennium BC). This was followed by a level with black-on-red painted Zhob wares.

archaeologsEnglishPlace Names

Rana Ghundai

Ashdod

A Palestinian site of a Canaanite city of the Late Bronze Age that was probably destroyed by the Sea Peoples. It was one of the cities of the Philistine Pentapolis.

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Ashdod

Bükk

A rugged mountain range in northern Hungary which gave its name to a Middle Neolithic pottery culture of the late 5th millennium BC. There are a number of cave sites with evidence of seasonal occupation and use of rocks for tools. There are hoards of axes and flint blades as well as painted and i...

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Bükk

Kniegrotte

Upper Palaeolithic cave site on the Orla River of eastern Germany, radiocarbon dated to 13,582-10,175 bp. Artifacts include burins, borers, and harpoon from the late Magdalenian.

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Kniegrotte

Context, Systematic

Artifacts and features as they functioned in the behavioral system that produced or used them.

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Context, Systematic