Others - Archaeologs

Others

Discover other things about archaeology.

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Recently Added: Others

Este

The ancient name of this town standing in antiquity on the River Adige in northeast Italy was Ateste, which is now used to denote the striking Iron Age culture of the area from the 9th century BC. Profiting from its position, its maritime trade connections and its contacts with Greek and Etruscan...

Essenes

See Dead Sea Scrolls.

Essenes

archaeologsOthers

Eskimo

[Inuit]. A long-standing and widely used term for the Arctic hunting peoples. It is a French transliteration of an Algonquin word meanin ‘raw flesh eaters’. Inuit, a native Eskimo word meaning simply ‘the people’, is the term currently favoured to describe the same group.

Esh Shaheinab

A site near the eastern bank of the Nile, 50 km downstream from Khartoum, dated to the second half of the 4th millennium be. For long the only fully investigated manifestation of the so-called ‘Khartoum Neolithic’, the site was held to illustrate the small-scale beginnings of food-production in t...

Ertebolle

A coastal shell-mound site in Jutland which has given its name to a late Mesolithic culture in Denmark. Pottery was apparently introduced in this culture.

Ertebolle

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Erôsd

See Ariu§d.

Erôsd

archaeologsOthers

Ermine Street

Name given to the Roman road that ran north from London to Lincoln. Doubtless following more ancient tracks, it was most likely established very soon after the Roman invasion of Britian in ad 43, to provide communications with the legionary fortress at Lincoln. Later, when Lincoln became a coloni...

Erlitou

[Erh-li-t’ou]. Type site of the Erlitou phase, near Luoyang in Yanshi, Henan province, north China. The Erlitou phase represents the earliest known stage of the Chinese Bronze Age. Radiocarbon dates suggest that the four levels at the Erlitou site span the first half of the 2nd millennium bc. The...

Phase

Stage of the early Bronze Age in North China defined by two strata at Zhengzhou Erligang in Henan province. The Erligang phase is assumed to belong to the earlier part of the Shang dynasty. It follows immediately on the Erli-tou phase and precedes the historical Anyang period (cl300-cl030 bc; see...

Erligang

[Erh-li-kang]

Erligang

archaeologsOthers

Erimi

Deeply stratified site in southern Cyprus, which has produced evidence of a sequence of pottery styles covering most of the 4th millennium BC. To begin with houses were cut into the rock, but were later built freestanding. The site is best known for its single copper chisel, the earliest evidence...

Erech

Biblical name for the Mesopotamian city of Uruk.

Erd

A recently excavated Mousterian site in Hungary near Budapest. Radiocarbon dates suggest that it was occupied by bear-hunters in the later part of the Mousterian period.

Ercengtai

[erh-ts’eng-t’ai]. See shaft tombs (China).

Ercengtai

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Epidauros

Classical Greek city on the east coast of Argolis with site close to that of present-day Palaia Epidavros. The lower city and harbour are now submerged, while sections of Cyclopean wall (see Cyclopean masonry) are still visible. Epidauros was famous, especially from the 4th century bc onwards, fo...

Eolith

A roughly chipped stone widely claimed in the past to be evidence of man’s most primitive handiwork during a remote eolithic period. Most eoliths were frost-split chunks with irregular chipping round the edge, now generally thought to be natural in origin.

Environmental Indicators

Species of plants and animals that are used to indicate a feature of the environment. If the modern environmental requirements are known, the presence of preserved remains of the same species in ancient deposits and soils may suggest that similar conditions prevailed in the past. Many such indica...

Environmental Indicators

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Environmental Archaeology

The aspect of archaeology that is concerned with reconstructing past environments and understanding the ecology of man and other animals and plants living in the same environment. Many disciplines are involved in this study: climatology, Quaternary geology, soil SCIENCE, PALAEOBOTANY, zoology (se...

Entremont

An important oppidum near Aix-en-Provence, southern France, which was the capital of the Salyes from the 4th century bc until it was taken by the Romans in 123 bc. It had ramparts built of large stone blocks, with watch towers. Inside were streets, houses of dry stone, drainage and water systems,...

Entrance Grave

A type of megalithic tomb characterized by a chamber without separate passage, under a round barrow. Although the chamber form is similar to that of the gallery grave, the round barrow is more characteristic of the passage grave tradition. Entrance graves are found in southern Spain and along the...

Enserune

An Iron Age promontory fort in Languedoc, southern France. It had defences of Cyclopean masonry from the early 4th century bc and well laid-out stone houses. Both defences and houses are very similar to those found on Greek settlements in the area (see Marseilles). Large storage jars and silos ex...

Enserune

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Enkomi

A Middle and Late Bronze Age settlement on the Bay of Salamis in Cyprus. First settled early in the 2nd millennium bc, by cl500 bc it had become a major metalworking and trading settlement; many copper ingots have been found on the site and it is clear that Enkomi was involved in trading the meta...

Engaruka

Located on the western side of the Eastern Rift Valley between Lake Manyara and Lake Natron in northern Tanzania, Engaruka preserves the remains of an Iron Age irrigation system covering more than 20 square kilometres. There are indications that settlement of the area began by the mid-1st millenn...

End Scraper

See scraper.

Encanto

Complex of 13 sites concentrated on the Peruvian central coast, including Chilca and Ancon Yacht Club, which demonstrate the changing subsistence patterns resulting from the decreasing availability of lomas vegetation. Dating to the Pre-ceramic Period V, the Encanto phase is characterized by the ...

Enamel

A decorative coating of glassy material which is fused to the surface of a metal artefact.

Emporiae

See Ampurias.

Emporiae

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Emmer

See wheat.

Emiran

Named after the Emireh [‘princess’] cave north of the Sea of Galilee in northern Israel, this is the earliest stage of the Upper Palaeolithic recognized in the east Mediterranean region. It is characterized by Emireh points, a kind of elongated Mousteri an point with the bulb thinned away by reto...

Emiran

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Emery

(1903-1971). British Egyptologist whose long career involved more than 40 years of fieldwork, as well as the production of general books and technical articles. His most important excavations were at El-Amarna and Saqqara.

Emery

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El Zacpool

See Jaina.

El Zacpool

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Eluvial Horizon

A soil horizon from which minerals, humus or plant nutrients have been lost. See illuvial horizon.

El Tajin

The major Classic Period centre located in a rain forest valley in northern Veracruz, Mexico. Its central structures are very tightly grouped but there are hundreds of other structures spread about the valley which remain to be investigated. The art style of the site was subject to many influence...

El Tajin

archaeologsOthers

Els Tudons

[Es Tudons]. A tomb of naveta type on the island of Minorca. It is c!4 metres long and contains a two-storeyed chamber originally housing the remains of many individuals. It is built in Cyclopean masonry and, as the term naveta implies, is vaguely boat-shaped in plan. Like the othernaveiason the ...

Elster

See Anglian.

Elsloo

A settlement of the Neolithic Linear Pottery culture in southern Holland. Long houses of various types have been found, as in the other Dutch sites of this culture, such as Geleen, Sittard and Stein.

El Paraiso

Located in the flood plain of the lower Chillón Valley on the central coast of Peru, El Paraiso (also known as Chuquitanta) dates to Preceramic Period VI. Considerably larger than other contemporary sites, its massive architectural complex of mounds, courts and rooms interconnected by corridors c...

El Oficio

A hilltop settlement of the Arg-aric Early Bronze Age in Almeria, northeast Spain. The site was surrounded by a thick defensive wall. Inside were rectangular houses of stone, some with evidence of wooden upper storeys, packed tightly together. 200 burials were found within the settlement, some un...

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