Circumpolar Cultures

A group of related cultures in the most northerly (Arctic) regions of Europe, including Siberia, and North America. These peoples lived north of the region where settled farming life was possible. Although contemporary with Neolithic and Bronze Age communities farther south, the circumpolar tribes remained semi-nomadic hunters and gatherers. They adopted pottery from the farming peoples and their trade connections, making egg-shaped bowls with pitted or comb-stamped decoration. Characteristic tools were hunting and woodworking equipment, often of ground slate. Rock carvings and artifacts attest the use of skin boats, skis, and sledges which suggest long-distance trade - especially of amber. The sites and cemeteries are usually close to water. Fishing was an important activity and they exploited food sources such as elk, reindeer, and seal.

Alternatively labelled Arctic Stone Age, these cultures are found in the most northerly regions of Eurasia. The population remained hunter-gatherers long after farming had been established further south, exploiting food sources such as elk, reindeer and seal. In some areas, a lively rock art is found, depicting scenes of hunting and fishing, as well as equipment such as skis, sledges and skin boats. Tools were often made of slate, and amber was widely used for ornaments. Trading connections with farming groups to the south were well established and amber may have been the main commodity traded. The practice of pottery-making was acquired through these contacts.