Archaeologs - Archaeologs

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Iron And Steel (China)

The earliest iron artefacts known from China are a few blades forged from meteoritic iron (see Beijing, Gaocheng, Xincun). Iron does not seem to have been smelted until about the 6th century bc, at which time wrought iron and cast iron appear more or less simultaneously. The iron artefacts of thi...

EnglishArchitectural

Iron And Steel (China)

archaeologsArchitectural

Iron And Steel

Since the Iron Age, iron has been the most commonly used metal. Iron ores are widely available: the most common as rocks are siderite, haematite and limonite. Iron may also be obtained from the ‘bog iron ore’ precipitated underwater or in boggy waterlogged ground. Although iron is much more abund...

Iron And Steel

archaeologsOthers

Iron Age

Third age of the Three Age System, defined by the use of iron as the main material for making tools. The term is still widely used in West Asiatic, European and African prehistory. In Western Asia the Iron Age begins in the later 2nd millennium bc, in Europe during the earlier 1st millennium bc, ...

Ipswich Ware

Proficiently made type of pottery produced between the 7th and 9th centuries in Ipswich, Suffolk, where kiln debris has been found. The cooking pots and undecorated pitchers were distributed widely around East Anglia, while stamp-decorated pitchers were traded as far as York and Richborough. This...

EnglishAncient Pottery

Ipswichian

A group of British interglacial deposits — lacustrine muds, river terraces, estuarine and marine sediments. They exist as patches of material containing fossils indicating warm conditions, overlain by Devens-ian deposits and also underlain by sediments indicating cold conditions. Individual patch...

Ipiutak

The most recent variant of the Norton tradition, beginning cl AD and persisting in some areas to as late as c800. Its major characteristic is a highly developed art style, similar to Old Bering Sea, which is most commonly expressed in the working of ivory. Projectile points and other stone implem...

Ionic

(1) One of the principal regional dialects of ancient Greece, closely related to Attic, and characteristic of the so-called ‘Ionian’ cities of Asia Minor. (2) In classical architecture, the Ionic order, which emerged after Doric (perhaps from about 570 bc) in the context of Aegean and eastern Gre...

EnglishArchitectural

Ionic

archaeologsArchitectural

Iona

A small island off the west coast of Scotland. In 563 St Columba and a group of his followers left their Irish homeland to found a monastery on the island; from here they ministered to the spiritual welfare of the Picts and the Irish settlers of Dalriada, and also directed missions to other parts...

Inyanga

An area of the Zimbabwe eastern highlands, adjacent to the border with Mozambique, which retains evidence for a prolonged sequence of Iron Age occupation. Early Iron Age settlement, related to that at Gokomere, is attested at several sites around Ziwa Mountain. Between the 16th and 18th centuries...

Involution

A structure that develops within the active layer of the periglacial zone. Cryoturbation causes movement within the layer and sorting of its constituents. Involutions formed by this process may consist of tongues or pillars of fine material which extend into overlying sand and gravel, or they may...

Intihuasi Cave

Site of long occupation and clear chronological continuity which evidences a way of life similar to the Desert Tradition of North America. Located in northwest Argentina, its lowest level (Intihuasi IV) contains willow-leaf points (see also Guitarrero, Ayampitin and Lauricocha) and other hunting ...

Interstadial

A short period of warmer climate during a glaciation (cold stage). See Devensian, Weichselian, Wisconsin; see also Tables 5-7, pages 418-20.

Intermediate Periods

Part of a chronological construction used in Peruvian archaeology. There are two clearly separate Intermediate Periods (see Table 9, page 552). The Early Intermediate Period (200 bc-ad 600) is characterized by the rise of the first great city states, such as Moche and Nasca. The Late Intermediate...

Intermediate Periods

archaeologsOthers

Interlace

A form of pattern that intertwines parallel strands and ribbons, passing them over and under one another alternately. In the 7th and 8th centuries interlace ornament was refined and used to great effect by Celtic and Anglo-Saxon metalworkers, sculptors, and manuscript illuminators in intricate co...

Interglacial

Term commonly used to describe the periods of generally warm climate which occurred at intervals during the Quaternary period, interspersed between colder periods (see glacial). See Tables 5-7, pages 418-20.

Integration Period

The most recent period in the chronological continum Formative, Regional Development, Integration. Formulated for use in Ecuadoran archaeology by Betty Meggers, it covers the period from ad 500 to 1550 and has been applied to other areas of northwestern South and Central America. Sometimes known ...

Intaglio

[Italian: ‘carving’]. (1) The process of cutting or engraving a design, usually into a (gem)stone or precious metal; or (2) the artefact so created, which was then characteristically set into a finger-ring, and used as a personal seal.

Insula

[Latin: ‘island’]. In Roman architecture, either (1) an area of a town, typically enclosed by four streets, and probably corresponding to a smaller subdivision on the familiar CARDO/decumanus grid; or (2) a large ‘tenement’-type house, or apartment block, as well-illustrated at Roman Ostia. An in...

Initial Period

One of a seven-period chronological construction used in Peruvian archaeology and sometimes employed in other Andean areas. Covering the period 1800-900 bc, its beginning is marked by the first appearance of pottery and its close by the occurrence of Chavin materials. Many of the traits that make...

Ingot

Mass of unwrought metal resulting from smelting or other extraction processes.

Ingombe Ilede

Located on the north bank of the Zambezi, a short distance downstream of the modem Kariba, Ingombe Ilede was initially an Iron Age settlement of the late 1st millennium ad. Around 1400, however, it was reoccupied by people who were evidently engaged in extensive trade in both copper and gold. It ...

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