Osa

Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic settlement located in Latvia, Russia. The Mesolithic levels had a rich bone and antler industry with radiocarbon dates of c 5200-4800 BC. An Early Neolithic occupation contained Osa type pottery and similar bone tools, with radiocarbon dates of 3950-3800 BC. Th...

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Osa

Geographical Society Cave

An Upper Palaeolithic site in eastern Siberian with faunal remains dating to 32,570 bp. The artifacts include pebble cores, flakes, and a scraping tool.

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Geographical Society Cave

Market

A mode of exchange in which the price of a commodity is fixed by the relative proportions of supply and demand. The term may also be applied more specifically to the place where people come together for transactions of this sort, or the occasion on which they do so. A degree of social control is ...

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Market

Cahuachi

A large ceremonial site that was the principal center of the Nasca culture of Peru. There are 40 adobe mounds, likely to have been used only for religious ceremonies. It was built in Early Nasca periods but was used through Late Nasca and the Middle Horizon.

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Cahuachi

Episkopi-Phaneromeni

A Middle or Late settlement site of Cyprus, occupied c 1600-1500 BC, with a Middle Cypriot chamber tomb cemetery.

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Episkopi-Phaneromeni

Obsidian Sourcing

A method to fingerprint unknown obsidian samples and compare them to known sources, in order to determine the source of the unknown sample.

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Obsidian Sourcing

Flared

Having a gradual increase in width

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Flared

New Kingdom

A period of Egyptian history comprising the 18th-20th Dynasties, c 1550-1070 BC. It was the period following the expulsion of Asiatic Hyksos rulers and the subsequent reunification by Thutmose I-IV, Amenhotep, Akhenaten, Tutankhamun, and Ramesses I-XI. The Egyptian army pushed beyond the traditio...

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New Kingdom

Disconformity

A geological term referring to a weathered surface of a soil or rock stratum covered by an overlying stratum. This type of unconformity separates two parallel strata is characterized by the weathered surface of the older stratum and indicates a lapse of time before the deposition of the younger s...

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Disconformity

Wando

Site off South Cholla province, Korea, of a late 11th century AD Koryo shipwreck. There were 30,000 celadon vessels from kilns in Haenam on the ship.

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Wando

Standard Error

The standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size.

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Standard Error

Steward, Julian Haynes

American anthropologist and archaeologist who influenced archaeological theory, emphasizing that the goals of both disciplines were the same: understanding of cultural change and the plotting of that change on spatial and temporal planes. His best-known book was "Theory of Culture Change: the Met...

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Steward, Julian Haynes

Step Termination

A blunt fracture at the distal end of a lithic flake that appears stairlike in cross-section.

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Step Termination

Paho Mark

A small hole in the floor of a structure that is interpreted as an impression left by the planting of a prayer stick. Paho marks are usually conical, 1-2 cm in diameter and 2-5 cm deep, often occur in clusters, and are often filled with sand. They are often associated with a sipapu or rectangular...

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Paho Mark

Cultural Anthropology

A subdiscipline of anthropology emphasizing nonbiological aspects - the learned social, linguistic, technological, and familial behaviors of humans; a term used in the Americas. Two important branches of cultural anthropology are ethnography (the study of living cultures) and ethnology (which att...

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Cultural Anthropology

Median

The value in the middle of a distribution.

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Median

Hazor

A large Palestinian tell site in northern Israel, occupied from the Early Bronze Age till the Hellenistic period. In the Middle Bronze Age, c 1700 BC, it was a large town with a citadel and surrounded by a rampart with sloping plaster ramp, of the type associated with the Hyksos. In c 1220 BC, th...

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Hazor

Kapovaya

A painted cave in southern Urals of European Russia, important for cave art that is otherwise unknown in central and eastern Europe. The rare examples of east European Palaeolithic cave art include representations of woolly mammoth and woolly rhinoceros and geometric figures. A cultural layer wit...

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Kapovaya

Monotonic

Having the property of either never increasing or never decreasing in one dimension as another dimension increases.

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Monotonic

Rock

An aggregate of one or more minerals that can be defined by both physical properties and mineral content. The three forms are igneous, rock that has cooled from a molten state; sedimentary, rock that has formed through the accretion of sediments; and metamorphic, rock formed from preexisting rock...

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Rock

Oxygen Isotope Analysis

Isotope analysis looking at the O18/O16 ratio in materials. The method can be used to classify glass types and to analyze mollusk shells in order to try and reconstruct their original environment and thus the source. It is also used to interpret deep sea cores. The basis for this technique is the...

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Oxygen Isotope Analysis

Oblique Photograph

In aerial photography, taken from an angle (neither perpendicular nor parallel) so as to reveal elevation and contours.

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Oblique Photograph

Homo Erectus

Upright man, an extinct form of Homo sapiens who evolved one million years ago, just before Neanderthal Man. This species had a larger brain and was bigger than Homo habilis, with a muscular stocky body and heavy face with thick brow bones. It is thought that Homo erectus made Acheulian stone art...

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Homo Erectus

Colonial Williamsburg

A restoration of a large section of the early colonial area, which was first settled in 1633 as Middle Plantation. The restoration was begun in 1926 and the more than 3,000 acres of land have nearly 150 major buildings restored or reconstructed. The exhibition buildings, which include the Capitol...

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Colonial Williamsburg

Kandanda

A site on the upper Zambezi River in Zambia, with a prepared-core industry that included rare bifacial hand axes which continued to a remarkably late date. It was replaced by a microlithic industry probably around 1000 BC.

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Kandanda